Microsporidian species known to infect humans are present in aquatic birds: implications for transmission via water?
نویسندگان
چکیده
Human microsporidiosis, a serious disease of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed people, can be due to zoonotic and environmental transmission of microsporidian spores. A survey utilizing conventional and molecular techniques for examining feces from 570 free-ranging, captive, and livestock birds demonstrated that 21 animals shed microsporidian spores of species known to infect humans, including Encephalitozoon hellem (20 birds; 3.5%) and Encephalitozoon intestinalis (1 bird; 0.2%). Of 11 avian species that shed E. hellem and E. intestinalis, 8 were aquatic birds (i.e., common waterfowl). The prevalence of microsporidian infections in waterfowl (8.6%) was significantly higher than the prevalence of microsporidian infections in other birds (1.1%) (P < 0.03); waterfowl fecal droppings contained significantly more spores (mean, 3.6 x 10(5) spores/g) than nonaquatic bird droppings contained (mean, 4.4 x 10(4) spores/g) (P < 0.003); and the presence of microsporidian spores of species known to infect humans in fecal samples was statistically associated with the aquatic status of the avian host (P < 0.001). We demonstrated that a single visit of a waterfowl flock can introduce into the surface water approximately 9.1 x 10(8) microsporidian spores of species known to infect humans. Our findings demonstrate that waterborne microsporidian spores of species that infect people can originate from common waterfowl, which usually occur in large numbers and have unlimited access to surface waters, including waters used for production of drinking water.
منابع مشابه
مروری بر وضعیت کنونی بیماری درماتیت سرکری: زئونوز فراموش شده در ایران و جهان
Human cercarial dermatitis (HCD) known as swimmer’s itch is a zoonotic disease caused by penetration of cercariae of birds or ruminants schistosomiasis through the human skin. The cercariae can develop to schistosomula but remains in the skin until it dies. In that case, the released protease enzymes cause dermatitis. Recently, this neglected disease has received much attention in different par...
متن کاملIdentification of wintering birds of Yazd artificial wetland
In the present study, the wintering birds of the artificial wetlands of Yazd province in 1393, 1395 and 1396 were studied. This study is one of the first studies conducted with the aim of preventing the drying process of the wetland by emphasizing on maintaining water rights and protection of migratory birds in the artificial wetland of Yazd. Data from winter and autumn counts which were carrie...
متن کاملCanine Influenza Virus (CIV)
As early as the 1920s influenza was shown to be caused by a virus. There are however, three genetically very distinct types of influenza viruses: Influenza A Virus: This is by far the most pathogenic type and is responsible for pandemics such as the Spanish flu outbreak in 1918, Asian flu in 1957, Hong Kong flu in 1968 and the Swine flu in 2009 that was caused by the mysterious re-emergence of ...
متن کاملAntimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Enterococcus Species Isolated from Companion Birds and Poultry in the Northeast of Iran
Enterococci are Gram-positive facultative anaerobic bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of the mammals and birds. These cocci are isolated from urinary tract infections, bacteremia, endocarditis, and burn wounds in humans. The evolution of antibiotic-resistant enterococci raised a problem due to the possibility of the transmission of these organisms between poultry and human. ...
متن کاملInfectivity of microsporidian spores exposed to temperature extremes and chemical disinfectants.
MICROSPORIDIA in the genus Encephalitozoon are obligate intracellular parasites transmitted by spores via the fecal– oral route. Encephalitozoon intestinalis, E. hellem, and E. cuniculi infect humans and wild and domesticated animals. Relevant reservoirs and the routes of spread of these species infecting humans remain largely unknown. However, detection of spores in groundwater, water used for...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید
ثبت ناماگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید
ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Applied and environmental microbiology
دوره 72 7 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2006